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8-1a. Ozone.
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National Data Source
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Aerometric Information Retrieval
System, EPA, OAR.
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State Data Source
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Aerometric Information Retrieval
System, EPA, OAR.
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Leading Health Indicator
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Environmental Quality.
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Healthy People 2000 Objective
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Adapted from 11.5 (Environmental
Health).
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Measure
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Percent.
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Baseline
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43 (1997).
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Numerator
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Number of persons living in
nonattainment areas that exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards
for ozone in 1997.
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Denominator
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Number of persons.
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Population Targeted
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U.S. resident population.
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Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
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Not applicable.
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Expected Periodicity
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Annual.
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Comments
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All areas (100 percent) are
required by law to come into attainment no later than 2012 for all pollutant
criteria except particulate matter 2.5, which will come into attainment by
2017. EPA’s
air quality monitoring and NAAQS data collection have historically taken
place in large urban centers and other appropriate areas generally considered
to have the Nation’s poorest air quality.
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Nonattainment areas may include
single counties, multiple counties, parts of counties, municipalities, or
combinations of the preceding jurisdictions. When an area is designated as “nonattainment,” it retains this
status for 3 years, regardless of annual changes in air quality.
Nonattainment areas may also include jurisdictions in which the source of the
pollutants are located, even if that jurisdiction meets all NAAQS.
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The areas monitored may change
over time to reflect changes in air quality or the pollutants being monitored.
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The population estimates used for
the baseline are based on 1990 census estimates and do not reflect growth or
depletion of population since that date. The NAAQS were revised in 1997 by
EPA, but the revisions are currently being contested in court; resolution of
the court case may affect the population estimates in the baseline.
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The use of nonattainment areas in
this objective represents an important measurement distinction from the
measure used in Healthy People 2000 objective 11.5, which used counties that
did not meet NAAQS in the previous 12 months. Nonattainment areas may include
counties that did not meet NAAQS, but also counties that met the standards,
but are sources of the pollutants.
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This objective is one of the
measures used to track the Environmental Quality Leading Health Indicator.
See Appendix H for a complete list.
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See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
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8-1g. Total
number of people.
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National Data Source
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Aerometric Information Retrieval
System, EPA, OAR.
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State Data Source
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Aerometric Information Retrieval
System, EPA, OAR.
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Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Adapted from 11.5 (Environmental
Health).
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Measure
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Number.
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Baseline
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119,803,000 (1997).
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Numerator
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Number of persons living in areas
that exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (nonattainment areas)
for either ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
particulate matter 10 or 2.5, or lead.
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Denominator
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Not applicable.
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Population Targeted
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U.S. resident population.
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Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
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Not applicable.
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Expected Periodicity
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Annual.
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Comments
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See Comments provided with
objective 8-1a for more information.
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v v v
8-2a. Trips
made by bicycling.
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National Data Sources
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National Center for Bicycling and
Walking; Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS), DOT, FHWA.
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State Data Source
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Nationwide Personal Transportation
Survey (NPTS), DOT, FHWA.
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Healthy People 2000 Objective
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Not applicable.
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Measure
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Percent.
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Baseline
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0.9 (1995).
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Numerator
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Number of trips taken by
bicycling.
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Denominator
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Total number of trips.
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Population Targeted
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U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized
population.
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Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
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From the 1995 Nationwide Personal
Transportation Survey:
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Now I have some questions about all trips (you/Person)
took (yesterday/on Travel Day), (including long trips that may have
already been reported). For these questions, a “trip” is any time (you/Person)
went from one address to another by car, bus, walking, bicycling, or some
other means. For example, if you leave work, stop at the store, and then
continue home that would be two trips C one to the store and one from the
store to home.
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Ø
Did (you/Person) go anywhere (yesterday/on Travel
Day)?
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(Excluding the trips taken as a regular part of the job),
please tell me everywhere (you/Person) went (yesterday/on Travel
Day). Remember, we want to know about any time (you/Person) went
from one place to another for any purpose.
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Ø
Where did (you/Person) go first (yesterday/on Travel
Day)?
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Ø When
(you/Person) left (Destination) where did (you/Person)
go next?
Repeat question until no more trips....
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For nonsegmented trips:
Ø
How did (you/Person) get to (Destination)?
That is, what means of transportation did (you/Person) use for this
trip?
Bicycle Bus
Elevated rail Subway
Walking Streetcar
or trolley
Commuter rail
For multisegment trips:
Ø
What means of transportation did (you/Person)
use for the (first/next) part of this trip to (Destination)?
Bicycle Bus
Elevated rail Subway
Walking Streetcar
or trolley
Commuter rail
Continue for additional
segments...
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Expected Periodicity
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Periodic.
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Comments
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The number of trips is the sum of
nonsegment trips plus each part of a multisegment trip. The 1995 NPTS
characterizes a “trip” as travel to a destination (for example, worksite).
Travel to work, for instance, that includes two stops along the way (trip
chains) would constitute three trips.
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NPTS is a household survey that
uses resident logs of their trips; data are collected every 5 years. The 1995
NPTS sample design provided a scientific sample of households with telephones
in the United States, covering all 50 States and the District of Columbia.
The sample was stratified by geography and time so that the data collection
would be dispersed nearly uniformly throughout the country and across the
data collection period. The sampling was also controlled by day of week to
capture variations in personal travel within a week. A Mitofsky-Waksberg
random-digit-dialing design was used to select the sample telephone numbers,
both listed and unlisted.
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Demographic data for each
household member included age, sex, and race of the household reference
person (person who owned or rented the home), and the relationship of each
household member to the reference person, annual combined household income,
and education. The travel day was defined as beginning at 4:00 a.m. on the
designated day and ending at 3:59 a.m. on the following day.
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The data for this objective are
different from those for objective 22-15 in the Physical Activity and Fitness
focus area because the Physical Activity and Fitness objective specifies
distance and age; the data presented for this objective do not include these
restrictions.
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See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
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v v v
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8-2b. Trips
made by walking.
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National Data Sources
|
National Center for Bicycling and
Walking; Nationwide Personal
Transportation Survey (NPTS), DOT, FHWA.
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State Data Source
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Nationwide Personal Transportation
Survey (NPTS), DOT, FHWA.
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Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
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Measure
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Percent.
|
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Baseline
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5.4 (1995).
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Numerator
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Number of trips taken by walking.
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Denominator
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Total number of trips.
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Population Targeted
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U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized
population.
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Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
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See Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data provided with objective 8-2a.
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Expected Periodicity
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Periodic.
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Comments
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See Comments provided with
objective 8-2a for more information.
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v v v
8-2c. Trips
made by transit.
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National Data Sources
|
National Center for Bicycling and
Walking; Nationwide Personal
Transportation Survey (NPTS), DOT, FHWA.
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State Data Source
|
Nationwide Personal Transportation
Survey (NPTS), DOT, FHWA.
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Healthy People 2000 Objective
|
Not applicable.
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Measure
|
Percent.
|
|
Baseline
|
1.8 (1995).
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Numerator
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Number of trips taken by transit.
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Denominator
|
Total number of trips.
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Population Targeted
|
U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized
population.
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Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data
|
See Questions Used To Obtain the
National Data provided with objective 8-2a.
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Expected Periodicity
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Periodic.
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Comments
|
Transit is defined as having used
bus, elevated rail, subway, commuter rail, or streetcar or trolley. See
Comments provided with objective 8-2a for more information.
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v v v
8-2d. (Developmental)
Persons who telecommute.
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Comments
|
An operational definition could
not be specified at the time of publication.
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The proposed data source for
people who telecommute will be available from the Federal Highway
Administration through 2010.
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|
See Appendix A for focus area
contact information.
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v v v
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